The Thomasines thus had a belief in a type of election or predestination, they saw themselves as elect because they were born from the light. The Thomasines saw themselves as children of the light, but the ones who were not part of the elect community were sons of darkness. The Odes of Solomon talks about God "imprinting a seal on the face of the elect before they existed". Some verses in the Odes of Solomon, which was made by an Essene convert into Christianity, might possibly suggest a predestinarian worldview, where God chooses who are saved and go into heaven, although there is controversy about what it teaches. Gill and Gregg Alisson also argued that Clement of Rome held to a predestinarian view of salvation. The Reformed theologian James White argues that Clement of Rome believed a predestinarian doctrine because Clement in his letter to Corinthians uses language that can indicate predestinarianism. He believed God's predestination was based on God's foreknowledge of every individual's merits, whether in their current life or a previous life. Origen, writing in the third century, taught that God's providence extends to every individual. Instead, Wright asserts, Paul is saying that God's will works through that of humans to accomplish salvation.
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Similarly, Wright's interpretation is that in this passage Paul teaches that God will save those whom he has chosen, but Wright also emphasizes that Paul does not intend to suggest that God has eliminated human free will or responsibility. Douglas Moo, a Protestant biblical interpreter, reads the passage as teaching that God has predestined a certain set of people to salvation, and predestined the remainder of humanity to reprobation ( damnation). Another Catholic commentator, Joseph Fitzmyer, wrote that this passage teaches that God has predestined the salvation of all humans. The Catholic biblical commentator Brendan Byrne wrote that the predestination mentioned in this passage should be interpreted as applied to the Christian community corporately rather than individuals. Many say this only has to do with service, and is not about salvation. īiblical scholars have interpreted this passage in several ways. And those whom he predestined he also called and those whom he called he also justified and those whom he justified he also glorified. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the first-born among many brethren. We know that in everything God works for good with those who love him, who are called according to his purpose. In the New Testament, Romans 8–11 presents a statement on predestination. However some in the Qumran community possibly believed in predestination, for example 1QS states that "God has caused (his chosen ones) to inherit the lot of the Holy Ones". Francis Watson has also argued on the basis of 4 Ezra, a document dated to the first century AD, that Jewish beliefs in predestination are primarily concerned with God's choice to save some individual Jews.
John Barclay responded that Josephus's description was an over-simplification and there were likely to be complex differences between these groups which may have been similar to those described by Josephus. Wright asserts that Essenes were content to wait for God to liberate Israel while Pharisees believed Jews needed to act in cooperation with God.
Wright argues that Josephus's portrayal of these groups is incorrect, and that the Jewish debates referenced by Josephus should be seen as having to do with God's work to liberate Israel rather than philosophical questions about predestination. He wrote that the Sadducees did not have a doctrine of providence.īiblical scholar N. He argued that the Essenes and Pharisees argued that God's providence orders all human events, but the Pharisees still maintained that people are able to choose between right and wrong. Josephus wrote during the first century that the three main Jewish sects differed on this question. There is some disagreement among scholars regarding the views on predestination of first-century AD Judaism, out of which Christianity came. īen Sira affirms free will, where God allows a choice of bad or good before the human and thus they can choose which one to follow. The book of Jubilees seems to harmonize or mix together a doctrine of free will and determinism. Some have argued that the Book of Enoch contains a deterministic worldview that is combined with dualism.
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